Recent progress of geophysical exploration in Earth's impact craters
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摘要: 地球物理探测在研究和发现撞击构造方面发挥着重要作用. 本文综述了地球陨石坑的重、磁、电、震等常见地球物理特征. 陨石坑最明显的地球物理特征是圆形或环形的负重力异常，其主要原因是岩石破裂和角砾化导致岩石密度降低；具有较低的磁异常，细节特征复杂，其主要原因是撞击熔融降低了陨石坑内部岩石的磁化率，陨石撞击后的改造则造成了复杂的细节特征；简单陨石坑具有较高的电导率，复杂陨石坑具有从中央隆起向周缘升高的电导率，其受控于岩石的破碎程度和上覆沉积层的含水量，破碎程度、含水量越高电导率越高；具有低的地震波速，主要原因是破碎的角砾岩和断裂具有相对原岩更低的波速. 此外，地震反射波探测发现陨石坑撞击构造有明显凹形特征. 国际上已开展了大量陨石坑的地球物理探测研究，而我国现有被发现且证实的陨石坑不仅数量稀少，其相关的地球物理探测研究更是不多见. 通过对国内外陨石坑的常见地球物理特征开展综述和总结，不仅可为我国发现更多潜在的陨石坑提供科学参考和依据，同时也为公众认识和了解撞击构造提供可靠的科普素材，进而有效拓展地球陨石坑的科研和人文价值.Abstract:
Geophysical exploration plays an important role in detecting and studying impact structures. This article reviews the common geophysical features of Earth's impact craters, including their gravity, magnetic, electrical, and seismic characteristics. The most obvious geophysical feature of impact craters is the circular or ring-shaped negative gravity anomaly, which is mainly caused by rock fracture and brecciation resulting in lower rock density. Low magnetic anomalies with complex details are mainly due to impact melting reducing the magnetic susceptibility of rocks inside the crater and post-impact modification resulting in complex detailed features. High electrical conductivity is found in simple craters, while more complex craters have gradually increasing electrical conductivity from the central uplift to the marginal rim. The conductivity is dominated by the fracture extent and water content. Low seismic velocity is mainly due to the lower velocity of fractured breccia and fractures relative to the original rock. In addition, seismic reflection profiling has found that impact structures have distinct concave shapes. Internationally, there are abundant research on the geophysical exploration of impact craters. However, in China, confirmed impact craters are rare in number and lack related geophysical exploration. Summarizing the common geophysical characteristics of impact craters provides a basis for geophysical exploration of potential impact crater regions in China and offers material for popular science and public engagement purposes. There are two confirmed impact craters in China, the Xiuyan crater in Liaoning Province and the Yilan crater in Heilongjiang Province. Active seismic investigations had been conducted in Xiuyan crater, and revealed its relative velocity and attenuation structure. However, although several geological studies have been conducted, a comprehensive geophysical study of the newly discovered Yilan crater is still lacking. Recently, our group has conducted dense seismic nodes and distributed acoustic sensing in Yilan crater, the results of which will be reported in the near future. -
图 1 全球已证实的陨石坑（红色圆圈）分布图（数据来源为The Planetary and Space Science Centre），圆圈大小指示陨石坑直径
Figure 1. Global distribution of confirmed impact craters (red circles) (Data from The Planetary and Space Science Centre). Circle size indicates the crater's diameter
图 2 简单陨石坑（a）和复杂陨石坑（b）结构示意图（修改自Pilkingto and Grieve, 1992）. D：陨石坑直径；da：表观深度，指目前在地表观察到的坑体深度，对应于坑缘顶部到坑底表面之间的高差；db：陨石坑深度，指陨石坑形成之初的深度，代表从坑缘顶部到坑底岩石碎块和撞击角砾岩堆积单元顶界面之间的高差；dt：陨石坑真实深度，指撞击成坑时坑体的挖掘深度，代表从坑缘顶部到岩石碎块和撞击角砾岩堆积单元底界面之间的高差
Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing simple (a) and complex (b) crater structures (modified from Pilkingto and Grieve, 1992). D : Crater diameter; da : Apparent depth (depth of the crater currently observed at the surface, corresponding to the height difference between the top of the crater rim and the bottom interface of the crater); db : Crater depth (depth at the beginning of the crater formation, corresponding to the height difference between the top of the crater rim and the top interface of rock fragments and impact breccia units at the bottom of the crater); dt: True crater depth (digging depth of impact cratering, corresponding to the height difference between the top of the crater rim and the bottom interface of rock fragments and impact breccia units)
图 3 Chicxulub陨石坑的布格重力异常图（修改自Gulick et al., 2013）
Figure 3. Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the Chicxulub crater (modified from Gulick et al., 2013)
图 4 Ries陨石坑磁异常图，蓝色小点代表冲击熔融露头，灰色黑线表示陨石坑的范围（修改自Gilder et al., 2018）
Figure 4. Magnetic anomaly map of the Ries crater. Blue dots represent impact melt outcrops. The gray black line represents the area of the crater (modified from Gilder et al., 2018)
图 5 Chicxulub陨石坑的电性结构，中央隆起具有明显的高电阻率特征（修改自Campos-Enríquez et al., 2004）
Figure 5. Electrical structure of Chicxulub crater, with the central uplift exhibiting distinct high resistivity (modified from Campos-Enríquez et al., 2004)
图 6 横穿Nadir陨石坑的地震反射剖面（修改自Nicholson et al., 2022），可见明显的中央隆起
Figure 6. Seismic migration profile across the Nadir crater (modified from Nicholson et al., 2022), showing clear central uplift
图 7 辽宁岫岩陨石坑的地震反射剖面位置及结果解释（引自赵成彬等，2011）
Figure 7. Location and interpretation of seismic reflection profile in the Xiuyan crater (from Zhao et al., 2011)
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