Abstract: In recent years, the risk of disasters on Earth caused by space issues has increased gradually. Future planetary exploration is of great significance to enhance the ability to monitor space disaster risks. In 2018, underground media structures at different scales were explored beneath Mars stations through the InSight mission; however, there remain significant limitations to large-scale Mars exploration. Therefore, in this study, a single-station observation system was designed by combining a single receiving station and a mobile source as a novel method for collecting planetary seismic data, thereby enabling the collection of more reliable seismic signals in early extraterrestrial explorations. To obtain a one-dimensional underground medium structure, high-order dispersion curve imaging methods were applied, and a high-resolution frequency Hankel function dispersion curve extraction method was proposed to eliminate artifacts in the dispersion curve and improve the extracted dispersion curves. The system was then extended to a multicomponent case to demonstrate the complementarity between the multicomponent and single-component results. The proposed data acquisition system provides a foundation for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underground media imaging systems. Furthermore, the feasibility of developing automotive seismic technology based on this system to address the widespread issue of viaduct collapse caused by overweight vehicles was discussed, demonstrating the importance of single-station systems in seismic imaging and source monitoring.