Deployment and initial observations of the Wuhan University very low frequency (WHU VLF) wave detection system at the Great Wall Station in Antarctica
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摘要: 在子午工程二期项目的支持下，武汉大学（Wuhan University, WHU）联合中国极地研究中心研制了一套甚低频（very low frequency, VLF）波动探测系统，并在2022年由中国极地研究中心部署于南极洲的中国长城站（Great Wall Station, GWS, 62.22°S, 58.96°W）. 该探测系统的动态范围为~110 dB，时间精度为~100 ns，可为空间物理和空间天气研究提供高分辨率的波动观测数据. 本文详细介绍了WHU VLF（子午工程编码：OCHCH_WHWM01）波动探测系统在GWS的初步观测结果，充分验证了系统的优越性能和稳定性. 在过去一年的常规运行中，此系统能精确探测北美和欧洲等区域内各种地基VLF台站信号的动态变化. 初步分析结果表明，在多次X级太阳耀斑爆发期间，GWS观测到的人工VLF台站信号特性与以往的研究结果高度一致. 由于HWU-GWS（HWU为发射台站的名称）路径穿过南大西洋异常（south Atlantic anomaly, SAA）区域，观测结果同时表明，在磁暴期间，HWU VLF信号的扰动与磁层电子沉降在时空关系上具有很强的关联性. 此外，此设备也能观测到闪电激发的宽频带哨声波，在频谱图上呈现特有的清晰色散结构. 因此，在南极独特的地理位置，地基哨声波监测仪的观测结合其它仪器的观测，有利于深入开展与极区哨声波传播、低电离层扰动、地面闪电放电和辐射带粒子沉降等相关的空间天气学研究，对开展全天时空间环境监测具有重要意义.Abstract:
A system for the detection of very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves has been developed by Wuhan University (WHU) with the Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC), and has been successfully deployed by PRIC at the Great Wall Station (GWS, 62.22°S, 58.96°W) in Antarctica, as part of the Meridian Project-Phase II. The system has a dynamic range of ~110 dB and a timing accuracy of ~100 ns, and hence can provide observational data at sufficient resolution to contribute to space physics and space weather research. This paper reports initial measurements of the WHU VLF (Meridian Project-Phase II ID: OCHCH_WHWM01) wave detection system at GWS, to demonstrate performance of the system. Data from nearly one year of routine operation indicate that the system is effective in recording the dynamic change of ground-based VLF transmitter signals from North America and Europe. The characteristics of VLF transmitter signals observed at GWS during X-class solar flares are consistent with results from previous studies. The VLF data exhibited a good correlation in space and time with measurements of magnetospheric electron deposition during geomagnetic storms, as detected in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region. The WHU VLF system additionally provides data on the wide-band whistler waves as excited by lightning discharge, the spectrum of which exhibits a distinctive dispersion structure. The unique position of GWS in Antarctica provides the opportunity to obtain observational data on VLF waves which can be used to investigate multiple aspects of space physics, including the propagation of whistler waves in polar regions, lower ionosphere disturbance, lightning discharge, and radiation belt electron precipitation from the radiation belts. These measurements are of critical importance in monitoring near-Earth space weather. -
图 1 WHU ELF/VLF波动探测系统设备组成框图
Figure 1. Block diagram of the WHU ELF/VLF wave detection system
图 2 南极长城站哨声波监测仪设备安装图
Figure 2. A photograph of the whistler wave monitoring instrument at GWS in Antarctica
图 4 南极长城站甚低频台站信号，其中粉色点代表NS通道接收到的信号，蓝色点代表EW通道接收到的信号
Figure 4. VLF transmitter signals at GWS in Antarctica: Pink dots represent signals received by the NS channel and blue dots represent signals received by the EW channel
图 5 南极长城站甚低频信号对太阳耀斑的响应
Figure 5. Responses of VLF signals to solar flares at GWS in Antarctica
图 6 南极长城站甚低频信号对磁暴的响应
Figure 6. Responses of VLF signals to a geomagnetic storm at GWS in Antarctica
表 1 南极长城站观测到的VLF信号对应的台站信息
Table 1. Transmitter information corresponding to VLF signals observed at the GWS in Antarctica
台站名称 频率/kHz 发射台站的位置 纬度/(°) 经度/(°) VTX 18.2 08.387015 N 077.752762 E ICV 20.27 40.923127 N 009.731011 E FTA 20.9 48.544632 N 002.579429 E NPM 21.4 21.420166 N 158.151140 W HWU 21.75 46.713129 N 001.245248 E GQD 22.1 54.731799 N 002.883033 W DHO 23.4 53.078900 N 007.615000 E NAA 24.0 44.644936 N 067.281639 W NLK 24.8 48.203487 N 121.916827 W NML 25.2 46.365990 N 098.335638 W 
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