• ISSN 2097-1893
  • CN 10-1855/P

火星无线电掩星探测进展

肖洛 肖存英 胡雄 吴小成 王泽伟 吴小其

引用本文: 肖洛,肖存英,胡雄,吴小成,王泽伟,吴小其. 2024. 火星无线电掩星探测进展. 地球与行星物理论评(中英文),55(2):164-174
Xiao L, Xiao C Y, Hu X, Wu X C, Wang Z W, Wu X Q. 2024. Progress of radio occultation exploration of Mars. Reviews of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, 55(2): 164-174 (in Chinese)

火星无线电掩星探测进展

doi: 10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-083
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42174192,12241101,91952111)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    肖洛(2001-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事火星空间环境研究. E-mail:2504202933@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    肖存英(1982-),女,教授,主要从事地球与行星空间物理与空间环境研究. E-mail:xiaocunying@bnu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P185.3

Progress of radio occultation exploration of Mars

Funds: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42174192, 12241101, 91952111)
  • 摘要: 火星是地球的姊妹星,研究火星对了解火星、地球乃至太阳系的演化具有重要意义. 自从1964年美国水手4号发射,首次成功地运用无线电掩星技术探知到火星的环境特征之后,国际上不少的火星任务都开展了掩星实验,取得了重要进展. 本文依据采用了无线电掩星技术进行勘探的火星探测器发射时间顺序展开调研,针对具有开创性的水手系列、火星全球勘测者、火星快车、火星大气挥发演化探测器、天问一号等,梳理分析和总结了各任务的火星无线电掩星方式以及所获取的廓线数量、位置分布、获取方式等产品信息,以及部分相关的研究结果. 本文还分析了当前火星无线电掩星探测方式存在的局限性,并探讨了可能的对策. 火星无线电掩星后续可重点考虑多颗星-星掩星结合星-地掩星方式形成掩星星座;并通过选用适当的信号探测频率、改进反演算法等方式进一步提高掩星质量;火星掩星探测手段还可与火星顶部探测雷达、直接探测等手段相结合,发展火星多源数据融合技术. 随着探测方式的不断改进,无线电掩星探测将是火星探测的重要手段. 未来会有数量越来越多、时间与空间覆盖越来越全面、精度越来越高的掩星数据用于火星的整个空间环境研究,包括大、中尺度乃至小尺度结构的特征与演化规律都将被人类掌握.

     

  • 图  1  火星无线电掩星示意图(修改自Withers and Moore, 2020

    Figure  1.  Schematic diagram of Mars radio occultation (modified from Withers and Moore, 2020)

    图  2  火星探测任务数

    Figure  2.  The number of missions to Mars

    图  3  MGS 在北半球的掩星廓线分布

    Figure  3.  Distribution of occultation profiles of MGS in the northern hemisphere

    图  4  MGS的电子密度廓线:太阳天顶角77°(2005-04-12,红);82°(2005-05-09,绿);87°(2005-05-31,蓝)

    Figure  4.  Electron density profiles of MGS at solar zenith angles of 77° (April 12, 2005, red); 82° (May 9, 2005, green); 87° (May 31, 2005, blue)

    图  5  MGS测量的温度和压强廓线:太阳天顶角75°(2005-04-01)

    Figure  5.  Temperature and pressure profiles of MGS at solar zenith angle of 75° (April 1, 2005)

    图  6  MAVEN在北半球近两年的掩星廓线分布

    Figure  6.  Distribution of occultation profiles of MAVEN in the northern hemisphere in the past two years

    图  7  MAVEN电子密度廓线:太阳天顶角70°(2022-02-22,黑);77°(2022-03-04,洋红);92°(2021-11-02,橙);97°(2021-12-06,红);102°(2022-04-30,绿);107°(2021-07-12,蓝)

    Figure  7.  Electron density profiles of MAVEN at solar zenith angles of 70° (February 22, 2022, black); 77° (March 4, 2022, magenta); 92° (November 2, 2021, orange); 97° (December 6, 2021, red); 102° (April 30, 2020, green); 107° (July 12, 2021, blue)

    图  8  MAVEN观测的折射率廓线

    Figure  8.  A refractive index profile observed by MAVEN

    图  9  天问一号探测的电子密度廓线

    Figure  9.  An electron density profile observed by Tianwen-1

    表  1  国际上发射的火星掩星探测任务一览表

    Table  1.   List of international Mars occultation missions

    发射时间任务名称所属国任务探测方式探测波段结果
    1964-11-28水手4号(Mariner - 4)美国飞越S波段成功
    1969-02-25水手6号(Mariner - 6)美国飞越S波段成功
    1969-03-27水手7号(Mariner - 7)美国飞越S波段成功
    1971-05-30水手9号(Mariner - 9)美国环绕S波段成功
    1975-08-20海盗1号(Viking - 1)美国环绕+着陆S、X波段成功
    1975-09-09海盗2号(Viking - 2)美国环绕+着陆成功
    1996-11-07火星全球勘测者(MGS)美国环绕X、Ka波段成功
    1996-12-04火星探路者
    (Mars Pathfinder)
    美国着陆+巡视X波段成功
    1998-07-04“希望”(Nozomi)日本飞越S、X波段(Nakamura et al., 1999失败
    2001-04-07火星奥德赛
    (Mars Odyssey)
    美国环绕X波段成功
    2003-06-02火星快车
    (Mars Express)
    欧空局环绕+着陆S 、X波段部分成功
    2003-06-10勇气号(Spirit)美国巡视X波段(Callas, 2015成功
    2003-07-08机遇号(Opportunity)美国巡视未知成功
    2005-08-12火星勘察轨道器(MRO)美国环绕X、Ka波段成功
    2007-08-04凤凰号(Phoenix)美国着陆未知成功
    2011-11-26火星科学实验室(MSL)/好奇号美国巡视X波段成功
    2013-11-05火星轨道任务(MOM)/曼加里安印度环绕未知成功(张扬眉,2013
    2013-11-18火星大气与挥发演化探测器(MAVEN)美国环绕X波段成功
    2016-03-14火星生物学2016(ExoMars2016)ESA/俄罗斯环绕+着陆未知部分成功(王帅和张扬眉, 2016
    2020-07-20阿联酋火星任务(EMM)阿联酋环绕未知成功(王帅,2020
    2020-07-23天问一号(Tianwen-1)中国环绕+着陆+巡视X波段成功
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-12-28
  • 修回日期:  2023-02-28
  • 录用日期:  2023-03-06
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-03-11
  • 刊出日期:  2024-03-01

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