喜马拉雅东构造结地震精定位及其区域应力场研究

陈平光; 何骁慧; 徐树峰; 郑文俊; 刘婷; 刘智良

doi:10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-067

喜马拉雅东构造结地震精定位及其区域应力场研究

doi: 10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-067

陈平光^{1, 2, 3,},
何骁慧^{1, 2, ,},
徐树峰^{1, 2},
郑文俊^{1, 2},
刘婷^{1, 2},
刘智良^{1, 2}

1.
中山大学地球科学与工程学院，珠海 519082
2.
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（珠海），珠海 519082
3.
紫金矿业集团股份有限公司，厦门 364200

基金项目: 第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究资助项目（2019QZKK0901）；中山大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目（22qntd2101）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（41804039）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈平光（1998-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事地震精定位和区域应力场研究. E-mail：1416036563@qq.com

通讯作者:
何骁慧（1991-），女，副教授，主要从事地震震源研究. E-mail：hexiaoh5@mail.sysu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P315
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-24
- 修回日期: 2023-02-21
- 录用日期: 2023-02-21
- 网络出版日期: 2023-03-06
- 刊出日期: 2023-11-01

Earthquake relocation and regional stress field around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis

Chen Pingguang^{1, 2, 3
,},
He Xiaohui^{1, 2
, ,},
Xu Shufeng^{1, 2},
Zheng Wenjun^{1, 2},
Liu Ting^{1, 2},
Liu Zhiliang^{1, 2}

1.
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
2.
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
3.
Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd, Xiamen 364200, China

Funds: Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) (Grant No. 2019QZKK0901), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 22qntd2101), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41804039)

摘要

摘要: 喜马拉雅东构造结地处印欧大陆碰撞前缘，主要受喜马拉雅、拉萨、羌塘、川滇等地块和印度板块相互作用，区域构造变形强烈，是喜马拉雅造山带变形最强烈的地区之一，地震频发且主要呈条带状展布. 为揭示该地区地震活动及发震机制、断裂现今运动状态和区域应力应变模式，本文以喜马拉雅东构造结及周缘地区为研究区，采用双差定位法对2008—2018年间65663个M≥1.0的地震事件进行重定位，应用CAP方法对2009—2021年间163个M≥3.5的地震事件进行震源机制解反演. 在此基础上，收集研究区前人所得震源机制解共1156个，使用区域阻尼应力张量反演获得了中上地壳（0～35 km）区域应力场. 研究结果显示，区内地震主要沿断裂展布，其中喜马拉雅东构造结、高原中部拉张裂谷、川滇地块和滇缅地块地震活动频繁. 地震深度主要分布于5～25 km，川滇和滇缅地块内部地震相对于拉萨、羌塘地块的数量和优势深度有明显增大. 不同类型的震源机制分布具有明显规律性，东构造结处各种机制类型地震频发；走滑型震源机制主要沿大型边界断裂分布；正断机制地震发生于川滇地块的西边界断裂；逆断地震发育于印欧大陆碰撞前缘. 研究区主压应力轴水平方向从喜马拉雅、拉萨、羌塘、川滇、滇缅地块大致以东构造结为中心近顺时针旋转，且东构造结顶部、川滇地块北西部等地区呈现出强烈的局部不均匀性.
- 喜马拉雅东构造结 /
- 地震精定位 /
- 震源机制解 /
- 区域应力场
Abstract: The eastern Himalayan syntaxis is located at the front of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents. This region is affected by the interaction of the Himalayan, Lhasa, Qiangtang, and Sichuan-Yunnan blocks and the Indian plate and is characterized by strong tectonic deformation with frequent earthquakes primarily distributed linearly. In this study, various seismological methods were used to reveal the seismicity, seismogenic mechanism, and tectonic stress field in this region. First, we used the double-difference location method (HypoDD) to relocate 65663 earthquakes with M ≥1.0 during 2008-2018. Then, the Cut-And-Paste (CAP) method was adopted to invert the focal mechanism solutions of 163 events with M ≥3.5 from 2009 to 2021. Combining the focal mechanisms inverted in this study and 1156 solutions collected from the GlobalCMT catalog and other published studies, we obtained the regional stress field with the damped regional-scale stress tensor inversion method. The results show that the earthquakes in this region are mainly distributed along mapped faults, among which the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the extensional rift in the middle of the plateau, the Sichuan-Yunnan block, and the Yunnan-Burma block experience significant seismic activity. The earthquakes are distributed in the upper and middle crust (5-25 km), and there is a significant increase in the number and dominant depth distribution of earthquakes within the Sichuan-Yunnan and Yunnan-Myanmar blocks from those in the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks. Earthquakes of various mechanisms occur frequently at the eastern Himalayan syntaxis; strike-slip earthquakes are mainly distributed along large boundary faults; normal earthquakes primarily occur along the western boundary faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan block, and thrust earthquakes are concentrated at the front of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The horizontal direction of the principal compressive stress axis rotates nearly clockwise around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, from the Himalayas, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Sichuan-Yunnan to Yunnan-Burma blocks. Moreover, strong local inhomogeneity in the stress fields are found in the shallow eastern Himalayan syntaxis and northwest Sichuan-Yunnan block.
- the eastern Himalayan syntaxis /
- earthquake relocation /
- focal mechanism solutions /
- regional stress field

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图 1 （a）研究区主要构造块体、断裂（带）示意图，红色箭头为地块运动方向（修改自张培震等，2003）；（b）1级以上地震分布图. 图（a）中，B1：喜马拉雅地块，B2：拉萨地块，B3：羌塘地块，B4：川滇地块，B5：滇南地块，B6：滇西地块，B4-1：川西北次级地块，B4-2：滇中次级地块；MHT：喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂带，STDS：藏南滑脱带，COR：那错—沃卡裂谷带，YGR：亚东—谷露裂谷带，IYS：雅鲁藏布江缝合带，JLF：嘉黎断裂带，XDF：西兴拉—达木断裂，DMF：东久—米林断裂，MAF：墨脱—阿尼桥断裂，APLF：阿帕龙断裂，BLF：边坝—洛隆断裂，NJF：怒江断裂带，LCRF：澜沧江断裂，JSRF：金沙江断裂带，LTF：理塘断裂带，XSHF：鲜水河断裂带，XJF：小江断裂带，LMSF：龙门山断裂带，LXF：丽江—小金河断裂带，ZDF：中甸断裂带，CHF：程海断裂带，RRF：红河断裂带，LZJF：绿汁江断裂，DYF：大盈江断裂，LRF：龙陵—瑞丽断裂，WAF：畹町—安定断裂，NTHF：南汀河断裂带，SGF：实皆断裂带. 图（b）中，1970—2021年5月间1～4.6级地震（数据源于中国地震台网、中国数字测震台网），公元624年—2022年1月4.7级及以上中强地震（数据源于国际地震中心、美国地质调查局、中国地震台网、国家地震局震害防御司）；圆圈大小表示震级大小

Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the main tectonic blocks, faults (zones) (modified from Zhang et al., 2003), and (b) seismic distribution for events of magnitude 1 or above in the study area. Fig (a), B1: Himalayan block, B2: Lhasa block, B3: Qiangtang block, B4: Sichuan-Yunnan block, B5: Southern Yunnan block, B6: Western Yunnan block, B4-1: Northwest Sichuan sub-block, B4-2: Middle Yunnan Sub-block; MHT: Main Himalayan thrust, STDS: South Tibet Detachment System, COR: Cona-Oiga Rift, YGR: Yadong-Gulu Rift, IYS: Indus-Yalu suture, JLF: Jiali fault, XDF: Xixingla - Damu fault, DMF: Dongjiu-Milin fault, MAF: Medot-Aniqiao fault, APLF: Apalong fault, BLF: Bianba - Luolong fault, NJF: Nujiang fault, LCRF: Lancang River fault, JSRF: Jinsha River fault, LTF: Litang fault, XSHF: Xianshuihe fault, XJF: Xiaojiang fault, LMSF: Longmen Shan fault, LXF: Lijiang - Xiaojinhe fault, ZDF: Zhongdian fault, CHF: Chenghai fault, RRF: Red River fault, LZJF: Lvzijiang fault, DYF: Dayingjiang fault, LRF: Longling-Ruili fault, WAF: Wanding - Anding fault, NTHF: Nantinghe fault, SGF: Sagaing fault. Fig. (b), M1-4.6 earthquakes from 1970 to May 2021 (with data from China Earthquake Networks and China Digital Seismic Networks), and M4.7 or above earthquakes from 624 to January 2022 (with data from International Earthquake Center, United States Geological Survey, China Earthquake Networks, and Earthquake Disaster Prevention Department of China Earthquake Administration); The size of the circle indicates the magnitude of the earthquake

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图 2 （a）时距拟合曲线，红色表示P波震相记录，蓝色表示S波震相记录，限制12 s内；（b）台站分布图，红色三角形表示台站位置

Figure 2. (a) Time distance fitting curve, red dots indicate P wave recordings and blue dots indicate S wave recordings. The data is constrained within ±12 s of the fitted value; (b) Station distribution. Red triangle indicates the station position

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图 3 CAP反演结果，以2018年1月3日M4.6地震为例. （a）台站分布图；（b）震源机制深度搜索图，相对误差表示不同深度绝对误差与最佳深度对应误差的比值；（c）地震波形拟合图，为最小误差拟合深度的震源机制解所对应的地震波形拟合图，其中黑色波形表示实际观测波形，红色波形表示理论波形，每个波形下方第一行数字代表时移大小，第二行表示波形拟合的相关系数（0～100%）. 波形左侧的字母表示对应记录波形的台站，台站字母上方数字表示方位角，下方数字表示震中距

Figure 3. Cut-And-Paste (CAP) inversion result for the Jan. 3, 2018, event. (a) Station distribution; (b) Variation of fitting error against focal depth. The relative error represents the ratio of the absolute error at different depths to the corresponding error at the optimum depth; (c) Seismic waveform comparisons for the optimal depth. Black traces show the observed waveforms, and red traces show the synthetic waveforms. The first row of numbers below each waveform represents the time shift, and the second row represents the cross-correlation coefficient (0-100%). The letters on the left of the waveform represent the station names, and the numbers above and below the station names represent the azimuth and epicentral distance, respectively

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图 4 （a）应力反演中网格搜索机制解范围示意图，红色实心圆表示格点中心，黑色圆环代表搜索机制解的范围，X表示相邻网格中心间距，R为搜索半径；（b）网格大小0.7°×0.7°的阻尼系数曲线

Figure 4. (a) Illustration of the grid search settings in the stress field inversion. Red solid circle represents the center of the grid point and black large circle represents the searching range of nearby focal mechanism. X represents the distance between adjacent grid centers, and R is the search radius; (b) L-curve for the damping parameter with a grid size of 0.7°×0.7°

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图 5 （a, b）东构造结及周缘地区地震定位震中分布；其中图（a）表示地震重定位后的地震震中分布和未参与定位的地震分布图，图（b）表示地震定位后的地震震中分布和4.7级以上地震分布. 其中，圆圈大小均表示震级大小；红色圆框表示公元624年至2022年1月M≥4.7的地震事件；（c, c1）重定位前、后走时残差分布图；（d, d1）重定位前、后地震深度分布图

Figure 5. (a, b) Distribution of relocated earthquakes around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. (a) Distribution of the earthquakes after the relocation and earthquakes that did not participate in the relocation. (b) Distribution of the earthquakes after the relocation (solid dots) and earthquakes larger than M4.7 from 624 to 2022 (red circles). The size of the circle represents the magnitude of the earthquake. (c, c1) Residuals before and after relocation; (d, d1) Earthquake depth distribution before and after relocation

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图 6 研究区地震定位后震中分布. 图中颜色代表深度，颜色深度关系和图5a、5b一致，圆大小均表示震级大小，灰色圆为未参加定位的地震事件分布，其它彩色圆为定位后地震分布；红色圆框表示公元624年至2022年1月M≥4.7的地震事件

Figure 6. Distribution of the relocated earthquakes The color in the figure represents depth, and the relationship between color and depth is consistent with Fig. 5a, 5b. The size of the circles represents the magnitude of the earthquake. Gray circle represents the distribution of the earthquakes that have not participated in the location, while the other color circles represent the seismic distribution after the location. The red circle represents the seismic event M≥4.7 from 624 to 2022

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图 7 （a）震源机制解来源分布；（b）震源机制解深度分布. 图中红色震源球来源于本文，蓝色震源球来源于郭祥云等（2022），绿色震源球来源于崔子健（2018），黄色震源球来源于王晓楠（2018），黑色震源球来源于邵翠茹（2009），灰色震源球来源于Global CMT

Figure 7. (a) The sources and (b) depth distribution of the focal mechanisms. (a) Red beach balls are from this paper, blue beach balls are from Guo et al. (2022), green beach balls are from Cui (2018), yellow beach balls are from Wang (2018), black beach balls are from Shao (2009), and gray beach balls are from Global CMT

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图 8 （a）研究区不同震源机制类型分布，不同颜色代表不同类型的震源机制解；（b）分区统计和（A-E）分区P、T轴玫瑰花样统计图，不同颜色代表不同分区A-E，每个区域上方为P轴玫瑰花样统计图

Figure 8. (a) Distribution of different types of source mechanism. Different colors represent different types of source mechanism solutions. (b) Rose diagram of the P-axis in different regions. Different colors represent different zones A-E. (A-E) Rose diagrams of azimuths and plunges for the P- and T-axes

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图 9 （a-c）喜马拉雅东构造结及周缘地区应力场反演结果；（d）不同网格反演应用的震源机制个数分布. 图（a）表示最大主压应力轴$ \sigma _1 $，图（b）表示中间应力轴$ \sigma _2 $，图（c）表示最小主压应力轴$ \sigma_ 3 $，线段长短表示应力倾斜角大小，线段越短倾角越大，图（d）中不同色块代表不同网格反演应力所用到的震源机制的数量，个数越多颜色越深

Figure 9. (a-c) Stress field inversion results and (d) the number of focal mechanism solutions in each grid. (a) The maximum compressive stress axis (σ₁). The length of line segment represents the plunge angle of stress axis, and shorter line segment shows larger plunge angle. (b) The intermediate stress axis (σ₂). (c) The minimum compressive stress axis (σ₃). (d) Different color blocks represent the number of focal mechanisms used in stress inversion

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图 10 （a, b）最大主应力轴变化复杂程度图，图中色标单位为度；（c, d）中国大陆连续形变场（修改自Wang and Shen, 2020）. 图（c）箭头表示主应变率，颜色代表最大剪应变率；图（d）表示扩张率，颜色越红扩张率越大；黑色虚线方框内区域为研究区范围

Figure 10. (a, b) Complexity of the maximum principal stress axis change. The unit of the color bar in the figure is degrees. (c, d) Continuous deformation field of continental China derived from interpolation of GPS velocities (modified from Wang and Shen, 2020). The region inside the black dashed box represents the study area. Arrows in (c) represent principal strain rates and the color represents maximum shear strain rate. The color in (d) shows the dilatation rate

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表 1 示例2018年1月3日M4.6地震所对应地壳速度模型

Table 1. Example crustal velocity model corresponding to the M4.6 earthquake on January 3, 2018

厚度/km V_P/(km·s⁻¹) V_S/(km·s⁻¹)

0.5 2.5 1.2
19.0 6.1 3.5
12.0 6.6 3.8
7.5 7.2 4.0

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表 2 重定位震源参数误差表

Table 2. Seismic relocation source parameter error

参数东西/km 南北/km 深度/km

平均误差 0.294 0.304 0.471
最小误差 0.005 0.008 0.018
最大误差 25.571 21.725 40.471

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