利用Lg波计算地震应力降的方法及在青藏高原东缘典型震例中的应用

沈琳; 赵连锋; 谢小碧; 何熹; 王卫民; 姚振兴

doi:10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-038

利用Lg波计算地震应力降的方法及在青藏高原东缘典型震例中的应用

doi: 10.19975/j.dqyxx.2022-038

沈琳^{1, 2,},
赵连锋^{1, 3, ,},
谢小碧⁴,
何熹¹,
王卫民⁵,
姚振兴¹

1.
中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所地球与行星物理重点实验室，北京 100029
2.
中国科学院大学，北京 100049
3.
中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所黑龙江漠河地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站，北京 100029
4.
美国加州大学圣克鲁兹分校地球物理与行星物理研究所，美国圣克鲁兹，CA 95064
5.
中国科学院青藏高原研究所大陆碰撞与高原隆升研究中心，北京 100101

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（U2139206，42104055，41974061，41974054）；中国地震科学实验场资助项目（2019CSES0103）

详细信息

作者简介:
沈琳，女，博士研究生，主要从事地震学研究，E-mail：shenlin@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

通讯作者:
赵连锋，男，研究员，主要从事地震学研究，Email：zhaolf@mail.iggcas.ac.cn

中图分类号: P315
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-24
- 修回日期: 2022-10-09
- 录用日期: 2022-10-09
- 网络出版日期: 2022-10-19
- 刊出日期: 2023-09-01

Stress drops calculated from seismic Lg-waves and their applications for investigating the typical earthquake sequences in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Shen Lin^{1, 2
,},
Zhao Lianfeng^{1, 3
, ,},
Xie Xiaobi⁴,
He Xi¹,
Wang Weimin⁵,
Yao Zhenxing¹

1.
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2.
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Heilongjiang Mohe Observatory of Geophysics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
4.
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
5.
Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Funds: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U2139206, 42104055, 41974061, 41974054), and the China Seismic Experimental Site (Grant No. 2019CSES0103)

摘要

摘要: 地震应力降标志震源破裂过程中作用在断层系统上的应力释放水平，是刻画震源物理过程和预测震源辐射特性的重要参数. 地震应力降主要受控于构造环境、震源机制和地震类型等. 观测得到的应力降还受到观测频带的影响，所以它的绝对值难以准确测定. 采用体波、面波以及零频观测（大地测量、GPS、InSAR）等不同类型的数据获得的应力降也存在差异. 对于地震波数据，通常采用间接方法去除传播路径中的衰减效应并获得震源激发谱，进而估计应力降. 随着宽频带地壳Lg波衰减模型的建立，可以构建直接校正路径衰减的方法，从而获得对Lg波震源激发函数的准确估计. 进而通过对观测和理论震源谱的拟合获得整个地震序列中各个地震的标量地震矩、拐角频率和高频下降率等震源参数，再根据断层模型计算应力降. 本文分别以青藏高原东缘典型的构造地震2017年Ms7.0九寨沟地震和潜在的工业注水诱发地震2019年Ms6.0长宁地震为例，计算两个地震序列应力降的时-空变化过程，探索构造地震与诱发地震之间的潜在的物理差异. 2017年九寨沟地震的主震应力降为27 MPa，余震震级和应力降均呈快速下降趋势. 2019年长宁地震的主震应力降为32 MPa，余震序列的应力降以起伏形式缓慢下降，并曾出现过与主震应力降数值相当的余震. 这一现象主要来源于长宁地区长期的工业注水干扰了区域应力场，提升了断层内的流体静压力并降低了断层滑动的驱动应力. 这一过程需经过震后较长的时间才能恢复. 上述两个地震序列具有相似的主震应力降但属于完全不同的类型，说明在该区域无法通过单独观测主震应力降来区分构造与诱发地震，而通过研究整个序列中应力降的时-空发展过程则有可能揭示出与此有关的进一步信息.
- Lg波震源谱 /
- 路径衰减 /
- 应力降 /
- 2017年九寨沟地震 /
- 2019年长宁地震
Abstract: Stress drop measures the stress release level over a fault during an earthquake rupture. As one of the important parameters for characterizing source mechanisms and predicting strong ground motions, the stress drop is controlled by the tectonic environment, focal mechanism, and type of earthquake sequence. The stress drop measurements from the seismic data also depend on the observation frequency band. Therefore, the values obtained from various seismic phases, such as body and surface waves, may be different. Previous studies have often used indirect methods to remove the attenuation effects along the propagation path to obtain the source spectra and then estimate the stress drops. Using a broadband high-resolution Lg-wave attenuation model, the attenuation effect can be directly corrected to obtain the Lg-wave source excitation spectra. By fitting the observed spectra to the theoretical source model, we can calculate the seismic moments and corner frequencies from which the stress drops can be calculated. Taking a typical tectonic earthquake and a potentially induced earthquake, that is, the 2017 M_S7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence and the 2019 M_S 6.0 Changning earthquake sequence, in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau as examples, we explored the potential physical differences between tectonic and induced earthquakes. The stress drop in the 2017 Jiuzhaigou mainshock was approximately 27 MPa. The stress drops, and the magnitude of its aftershocks rapidly decay. However, for the 2019 Changning earthquake sequence, the temporal variation of stress drops declined slowly, with two aftershocks having stress drops comparable to the main shock. For an area with long-term water injection, it takes a long time to recover to its equilibrium status once a large earthquake disturbs the regional stress field. Given that no apparent difference in the absolute level of stress drops can be observed between the two types of earthquake sequences, the stress drops alone cannot be used to distinguish between induced and tectonic earthquakes in this area. The increasingly accumulated underground water may have created pathways linking multiple fault systems in the changing salt mining. Thus, the possibility of future induced earthquakes cannot be ruled out.
- Lg-wave source spectra /
- path attenuation /
- stress drop /
- 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence /
- 2019 Changning earthquake sequence

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图 1 宽频带Lg波Q值及台站分布图（Zhao et al., 2013a, 2013b）. 其中三角形为地震台站，黑色线段为板块边界和断层线. BH：巴颜喀拉块体；CB：华夏块体；CDB：川滇块体；HM：喜马拉雅块体；ICP：印支块体； LH：拉萨块体；NCC：华北克拉通；OB：鄂尔多斯盆地；QB：柴达木盆地；QDO：秦岭大别造山带；QM：祁连山脉；QT：羌唐块体；SB：四川盆地；YC：扬子克拉通

Figure 1. Map showing a broadband regional Lg-wave Q distribution, overlapped by faults (thin black lines), geological sutures (thick black lines), and seismic stations (triangles) (Zhao et al., 2013a, 2013b). Abbreviations: BH, Bayan Har Block; CB, Cathaysia Block; CDB, Chuandian Block; HM, Himalaya Block; ICP, Indo-China Plate; LH, Lhasa Block; NCC, North China Craton; OB, Ordos Basin; QB; Qaidam Basin; QDO, Qinling-Dabie Orogen; QM, Qilian Mountain; QT, Qiangtang Block; SB, Sichuan Basin; YC, Yangtze Craton

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图 2 青藏高原东缘地表地形和2017年九寨沟和2019年长宁地震序列分布图. （a）青藏高原东缘地表地形图和主要的板块边界（黑色粗线）、断层（黑色细线）和俯冲带（带三角的线段）. 图中给出震级大于6.5地震的震源机制解（黑白震源球）、以欧亚大陆为参考的GPS速率（蓝色箭头）（修改自Kreemer et al., 2014）和2017年九寨沟和2019年长宁主震的位置（红色五角星）；（b）2017年九寨沟地震序列分布图，其中主震位置用五角星表示，余震分布用蓝色圆圈表示；（c）2019年长宁地震序列分布图，图中叠加了震源区域内的背斜（黑色实线）和向斜（虚线）、盐矿开采井（绿色方块）和页岩气开采井的位置（蓝色圆圈加十字）. 2019年长宁地震序列重定位和震源机制的部分结果来自Lei等（2019）. 图中的缩写分别为，BH：巴颜喀拉块体；BSA：白象岩—狮子滩背斜；CB：华夏块体；CDB：川滇块体；CNA：长宁背斜；CXS：长官—叙永向斜；FJS：符江向斜；HLA：花香—梁子背斜；HM：喜马拉雅块体；HYF：虎牙断层；ICP：印支块体；JCXA：贾村溪背斜；JLA：筠连背斜；JWS：建武向斜；KLF：昆仑断层；LCS：罗场向斜；LH：拉萨块体；LRBF：龙日坝断层；MJF：岷江断层；NCC：华北克拉通；OB：鄂尔多斯盆地；QB：柴达木盆地；QDO：秦岭大别造山带；QM：祁连山脉；QT：羌唐块体；SB：四川盆地；SHA：双河背斜；TLA：腾龙背斜；TZF：塔藏断层；XLS：相岭向斜；XSA：巡司场背斜；XSLZF：雪山梁子断层；YC：扬子克拉通；YHA：玉和背斜

Figure 2. Topographic maps showing the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, overlapped by both the locations of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou and 2019 Changning earthquakes and their aftershock sequence. (a) Map showing the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau overlaid with major block boundaries (thick black lines), fault system (thin black lines), and subduction zone (line with triangles). The black beach balls denote focal mechanisms of nearby earthquakes larger than the local magnitude of 6.5. The blue arrows represent the GPS velocities concerning the Eurasia block (modified from Kreemer et al., 2014). The red stars show the location of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou and 2019 Changning earthquakes. (b) Map showing the location of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake (red star) with its aftershock sequence (blue circles). (c) Map showing the location of the 2019 Changning earthquake sequence, overlain by anticline (black lines), syncline (black dashed lines), salt mine area (green square), and shale gas well (blue cross-circles). The relocation data and focal mechanism for the 2019 Changning earthquake sequence are retrieved from Lei et al. (2019). Abbreviations: BH, Bayan Har Block; BSA, Baixiangyan-Shizitan anticline; CB, Cathaysia Block; CDB, Chuandian Block; CNA, Changning anticline; CXS, Changguan-Xuyong syncline; FJS, Fujiang syncline; HLA, Huaxiang-Liangzi anticline; HM, Himalaya Block; HYF, Huya fault; ICP, Indo-China Plate; JCXA, Jiacunxi anticline; JLA, Junlian anticline; JWS, Jianwu syncline; KLF, Kunlun fault; LCS, Luochang syncline; LH, Lhasa Block; LRBF, Longriba fault; MJF, Minjiang fault; NCC, North China Craton; OB: Ordos Basin; QB; Qaidam Basin; QDO, Qinling-Dabie Orogen; QM, Qilian Mountain; QT, Qiangtang Block; SB, Sichuan Basin; SHA, Shuanghe anticline; TLA, Tenglong anticline; TZF, Tazang fault; XLS, Xiangling syncline; XSA, Xunsichang anticline; XSLZF, Xueshanliangzi fault; YC, Yangtze Craton; YHA, Yuhe anticline

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图 3 不同信噪比阈值下所得震源参数之间的对比，其中最左列为标量地震矩$ {M}_{0} $，中间一列为拐角频率，最右列为应力降. 每张子图分别显示了不同信噪比阈值（y轴）相对于信噪比阈值2.0（x轴）所得震源参数之间的对比. （a-c）、（d-f）、（g-i）和（j-l）分别表示信噪比阈值为3.0、4.0、5.0和10.0下的震源参数结果. 黑色和灰色的圆圈分别为M_L≥3.5和M_L<3.5地震的结果

Figure 3. Comparison of source moments $ {M}_{0} $ (left column), corner frequency (middle column), and stress drop (right column) obtained using visually determined truncation and different SNR thresholds of 3.0 (a-c), 4.0 (d-f), 5.0 (g-i), and 10.0 (j-l). Shown in each panel are parameters obtained using different thresholds (vertical coordinate) versus those using threshold 2.0 (horizontal coordinate). The black and grey circles are for earthquakes with M_L≥3.5 and M_L<3.5, respectively

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图 4 （a）长宁地区盐矿注入、泵出水量以及二者之差随时间的变化曲线（修改自Shen et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2017）；（b）长宁地区地震活动分布图

Figure 4. (a) Water injection, pumping, and water loss rates for the Changning salt mine (modified from Shen et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2017) and (b) seismicity in the Changning and its surrounding area

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图 5 Lg波震源激发函数及震源参数拟合结果示例. 其中黑色十字表示反演得到的Lg波震源项，实线是拟合得到的最佳震源模型，粉色区域为拟合的标准差. 每幅图顶部给出了各个地震事件的发震时刻，左下角给出了地方性震级$ {M}_{\mathrm{L}} $、拟合得到的地震矩$ {M}_{0} $、拐角频率$ {f}_{\mathrm{c}} $和高频下降率n

Figure 5. Lg-wave source excitation spectra for 12 selected events from the Jiuzhaigou and Changning earthquake sequence. The origin time of each event is on the top of each panel. The black crosses are source spectra inverted from the observed Lg-wave spectra. Solid lines are the best-fit source models, and pink shades are their standard deviations. All the fitting frequency bands for smaller earthquakes (${{{{M}}}}_{\mathrm{L}} < 3.5$) are visually selected. The local magnitude$ {M}_{\mathrm{L}} $, moment magnitude$ {M}_{\mathrm{W}} $, seismic moment $ {M}_{0} $, corner frequency $ {f}_{\mathrm{c}} $, and high-frequency falloff rate n along with their standard deviations, are labeled in each panel

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图 6 （a）标量地震矩$ {M}_{0} $与拐角频率$ {f}_{\mathrm{c}} $之间的关系. （b）地方性震级$ {M}_{\mathrm{L}} $与根据地震矩$ {M}_{0} $得到的矩震级$ {M}_{\mathrm{W}} $之间的关系图. 蓝色代表2017年九寨沟地震序列的结果，红色代表 2019年长宁地震序列的结果

Figure 6. (a) Seismic moment versus corner frequency for the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence (green dots) and 2019 Changning earthquake sequence (red dots) in this study. The dashed lines mark constant stress drops for 0.1, 1.0, and 10 MPa. (b) The local magnitude $ {M}_{\mathrm{L}} $ measured by CENC versus moment magnitude $ {M}_{\mathrm{W}} $ derived from the seismic moment $ {M}_{0} $. The dashed line represents the relation of $ {M}_{\mathrm{L}}={M}_{\mathrm{W}} $. The red and green solid lines represent the best fit relation between $ {M}_{\mathrm{L}} $ and $ {M}_{\mathrm{W}} $ for the 2017 Jiuzhaigou and 2019 Changning earthquake sequence, respectively

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图 7 2017年九寨沟（a, b）和2019年长宁地震序列（c, d)应力降的空间分布图. 其中图（a, c）中圆圈内的颜色表示应力降数值大小，图（b, d）中圆圈尺寸表示应力降大小，颜色表示余震发生时间

Figure 7. The spatial distribution for the 2017 Jiuzhaigou (a, b) and 2019 Changning (c, d) earthquake sequence. The filled color in (a) and (c) represents the stress drop value. The size of the circle and its filled color denote the time after the mainshock (in days) and stress drop value, respectively

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图 8 （a, c）2017年九寨沟和2019年长宁地震序列应力降随震源深度的关系，实线是拟合得到的二者之间的线性关系. （b, d）两个地震序列应力降与震级M_L的关系，虚线表示回归得到的线性关系，颜色标明震源深度

Figure 8. The stress drops from the 2017 Jiuzhaigou and 2019 Changning earthquake sequence versus the focal depth and local magnitude, respectively. The circles represent the stress drop value, the solid and dashed lines denote the linear relationship for the stress drop with focal depth and local magnitude, respectively. The filled color in (b) and (d) represent the focal depth

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图 9 2017年九寨沟（a）和2019年长宁地震序列（b）的应力降（圆圈）和地方性震级（灰色竖线高度）随时间的变化趋势. 黑色虚线为整个地震序列的应力降中值. 注意时间为对数尺度

Figure 9. The temporal distribution of stress drop and local magnitude for 2017 Jiuzhaigou (a) and 2019 Changing earthquake sequence (b). The vertical gray lines represent the seismicity with their heights denoting the magnitudes. The horizontal black dashed lines mark the median stress drop of the whole earthquake sequence. Note that the time axis is on a logarithmic scale

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图 10 2019年长宁地震序列应力降与注水井距离之间的关系

Figure 10. Stress drop of the 2019 Changning earthquake sequence versus distance away from the injection well

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