宽角反射/折射剖面揭示的祁连造山带莫霍面深度

吴国炜; 熊小松; 高锐; 陈宣华; 李英康; 王冠; 任海东

doi:10.19975/j.dqyxx.2021-067

宽角反射/折射剖面揭示的祁连造山带莫霍面深度

doi: 10.19975/j.dqyxx.2021-067

吴国炜^1,,
熊小松^{1, 2, ,},
高锐³,
陈宣华¹,
李英康⁴,
王冠²,
任海东⁵

1.
中国地质科学院地球深部探测中心，北京 100037
2.
自然资源部深地动力学实验室/中国地质科学院地质研究所，北京 100037
3.
中山大学地球科学与工程学院，广州 510275
4.
自然资源实物地质资料中心，廊坊 101149
5.
青海大学地质工程系，西宁 810016

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（42274134，41774114，41590863，41574093）；中国地质调查局资助项目（DD20190011，DD20179342，DD20160083）；国家重点研发计划课题资助项目（2016YFC0600302）；青海省科技厅基础研究计划资助项目（2018-ZJ-944Q）

详细信息

作者简介:
吴国炜（1995-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事大陆岩石圈的结构与演化的研究. E-mail：wuguowei19@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:
熊小松（1983-），男，副研究员，主要从事深部构造与大陆岩石圈演化研究. E-mail：benxung@126.com

中图分类号: P315
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-12-29
- 修回日期: 2022-07-23
- 录用日期: 2022-07-24
- 网络出版日期: 2022-08-04
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-01

Moho depth of the Qilian orogen revealed by wide-angle reflection/refraction profiles

1.
Sinoprobe Center, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources / Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3.
School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
4.
Geological Information Center, Ministry of Land and Resources, Langfang 101149, China
5.
College of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China

Funds: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42274134, 41774114, 41590863, 41574093), the China Geological Survey Project (Grant Nos. DD20190011, DD20179342, DD20160083), the National key R&D project (Grant No. 2016YFC0600302) and the Project of Qinghai Science and Technology Department (Grant No. 2018-ZJ-944Q)

摘要

摘要:
祁连造山带位于青藏高原东北缘，距南侧的喜马拉雅碰撞带前缘1500 km，以一个宽阔的（东西长约1000 km，南北宽200～400 km）、NW走向的造山带的形式被夹持于北侧的河西走廊盆地与南侧的柴达木盆地之间，西侧被NEE走向的阿尔金左行走滑断裂带所截切，北缘以青藏高原北缘断裂带，祁连山北缘断裂带和祁连山东缘断裂带与河西走廊盆地相邻，南东方向与西秦岭造山带相接，东缘与鄂尔多斯地块相邻. 记录了新生代以来印度板块和亚洲大陆板块碰撞和青藏高原边缘造山和地壳变形的重要过程. 对其地壳深部结构的探测是研究青藏高原隆升和向北扩展，理解印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的大陆内部构造作用的关键手段. 自1980年代以来，前人在研究区实施了多条宽角反射/折射剖面，以揭示祁连造山带及周缘的地壳深部结构. 本文通过对这些宽角反射/折射剖面的收集汇总和梳理分析，以探讨祁连造山带不同区段下方莫霍面起伏及深度差异，研究结果显示：祁连造山带莫霍面埋深整体自西向东变浅，最深的莫霍面位于北祁连造山带内的哈拉湖附近；结合其他地质与地球物理资料，本文推测莫霍面深度的起伏及变化状态揭示了祁连造山带由西向东不同的地壳缩短方式，其中西段最深的莫霍面可能由大陆俯冲的“底垫作用”所引起；中段的壳内低速体和低阻体反映了该区上下地壳解耦变形，地壳的持续缩短主要靠变形解耦面以上发育的大型逆冲断裂带调节；而莫霍面深度最浅的东段累积应力则主要靠左行走滑的海原断裂和壳内发育的逆冲断裂调节.
- 祁连造山带 /
- 青藏高原东北缘 /
- 莫霍面深度 /
- 宽角反射/折射剖面
Abstract:
The Qilian Orogenic Belt is located on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 1500 km far from the front of the Himalayan collision zone to the south, manifesting as an orogenic belt with a NW orientation between the Alxa Block to the north and the Qaidam Block to the south (approximately 1000 km long from east to west and 200～400 km wide from north to south). It is truncated by the NE-trending Altyn left-lateral strike-slip fault to the west and surrounded by the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Qilian Mountain, and Hexi Corridor to the north. To the southeast, it is connected to the west Qinling orogenic belt, and the eastern margin is adjacent to the Ordos Block. It has played an important role in the collisional process between the Indian and Asian continental plates, and the mountain-building of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since the Cenozoic. Exploration of the deep structure of the crust is key to study the uplift and northward expansion processes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and understand the intracontinental deformation caused by the collision between India and Eurasia plates. In this study we integreted the wide-angle reflection/refraction profiles conducted in this area since the 1980s and summarizes the outcome of the Moho depth. The results show that the Moho becomes shallower from west to east as a whole, and the deepest Moho in the west section, which may be induced by the continental two-way subduction and underplating. In the central section, the low-velocity anomalies with high conductivity are well developed, which may present the decollement in the crust, and the crustal deformation was mainly accommodated by the overthrusting in the upper crust. whereas the crustal deformation is released by the large-sccale-lateral strike-slip faults.
- Qilian orogen /
- northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau /
- Moho depth /
- wide-angle reflection/refraction profile

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图 1 祁连山及周缘断层构造体系略图（修改自Duvall et al., 2013; Yin et al., 2008a, 2008b; Zuza et al., 2016）

Figure 1. Sketch map of the fault structure system of Qilian Mountains and surrounding areas (modified from Duvall et al., 2013; Yin et al., 2008a, 2008b; Zuza et al., 2016)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 祁连造山带及周缘宽角反射/折射剖面探测程度图

Figure 2. Wide-angle reflection/refraction probing extent in Qilian orogenic belt and adjacent regions

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 沿测线莫霍面深度分布图（图中数字代表附近区域的莫霍面深度，单位：km）. 宽角反射/折射剖面: $\boxed{\;1\;} $：门源—平凉—渭南；$\boxed{\;2\;} $：成县—西吉；$\boxed{\;3\;} $：阿尔金—龙门山；$\boxed{\;4\;} $：灵台—阿木去乎；$\boxed{\;5\;} $：可可托海—阿克塞；$\boxed{\;6\;} $：格尔木—额济纳旗；$\boxed{\;7\;} $：西吉—中卫；$\boxed{\;8\;} $：玛沁—兰州—靖边；$\boxed{\;9\;} $：大柴旦—若羌—拜城；$\boxed{10} $：马尔康—碌曲—古浪；$\boxed{11} $：陇西—黄陵；$\boxed{12} $：景泰—合作；$\boxed{13} $：玛多—共和—雅布赖； $\boxed{14} $：柴北缘—河西走廊：$\boxed{15} $：银额盆地

Figure 3. Depth distribution map of the Moho surface along the survey line (the number in the figure represents the depth of the Moho surface in the nearby area, unit: kilometer). Deep seismic sounding profiles: $\boxed{\;1\;} $: Menyuan-Pingliang-Weinan; $\boxed{\;2\;} $: Chengxian-Xiji; $\boxed{\;3\;} $: Altyn-Longmenshan; $\boxed{\;4\;} $: Lingtai-Amuquhu; $\boxed{\;5\;} $: Akesai-Keketuohai; $\boxed{\;6\;} $: Geermu-Ejinaqi; $\boxed{\;7\;} $:Xiji-Zhongwei; $\boxed{\;8\;} $: Maqin-Lanzhou-Jingbian; $\boxed{\;9\;} $: Dachaidan-Ruoqiang-Baicheng; $\boxed{10} $: Maerkang-Luqu-Gulang; $\boxed{11} $: Longxi-Haungling; $\boxed{12} $: Jingtai-Hezuo; $\boxed{13} $: Maduo-Gonghe-Yabulai; $\boxed{14} $: Chaibeiyuan-Hexizoulang; $\boxed{15} $: YineDSS

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 已有宽角反射/折射剖面莫霍面深度插值得到的青藏高原东北缘及其周缘莫霍面深度分布图

Figure 4. Moho depth distribution map of NE Tibetan Plateau and its periphery obtained by Moho depth interpolation of existing wide-angle reflection/refraction profiles

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图 5 祁连造山带地壳变形模式图. （a）逆冲叠置；（b）分散缩短；（c）背向生长

Figure 5. Crustal deformation pattern of Qilian orogenic belt: (a) crustal underthrusting and duplexing, (b) distributed crustal shortening, and (c) back overthrusting

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 祁连造山带及周缘宽角反射/折射剖面探测程度表（总长度：10997 km）

Table 1. Wide-angle reflection/refraction profiles acquired in the Qilian orogenic belt and adjacent regions (Total length: 10997 km)

编号	剖面名称	长度/km	实施年份	实施单位
1	门源—平凉—渭南	970	1982	中国地震局
2	成县—西吉	242	1986	国家地震局兰州地质研究所
3	阿尔金—龙门山	1600	1989	国土资源部
4	灵台—阿木去乎	460	1990	中国地震局
5	可可托海—阿克塞	1170	1991	国土资源部
6	格尔木—额济纳旗	1050	1992	中国地质科学院
7	西吉—中卫	248	1999	中国地震局地球物理勘探中心
8	玛沁—兰州—靖边	980	1997	中国地震局地球物理勘探中心
9	大柴旦—若羌—拜城	1100	2000	中国地震局
10	马尔康—碌曲—古浪	637	2004	中国地震局地球物理勘探中心
11	陇西—黄陵	410	2012	中国地质科学院地质研究所
12	景泰—合作	430	2013	中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所
13	玛多—共和—雅布赖	850	2014	中国地震局地球物理勘探中心
14	柴北缘—河西走廊	450	2016—2017	中国地质科学院
15	银额盆地	400	2018—2019	中国地质科学院

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