Review on the crustal structures and deformations in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
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摘要: 新生代青藏高原的隆升改变了整个亚洲的构造格局，对气候、环境均产生了重要的影响，但高原的隆升扩展机制众说纷纭. 青藏高原东南缘作为扩展前缘，其构造演化对了解整个高原的扩展机制具有重要的意义. 本文总结了近年来对青藏高原东南缘地壳结构研究的最新进展，特别是2011年中国地震科学探测台阵计划开展以来，利用密集地震台阵取得的新成果，探讨了青藏高原东南缘地壳的结构与变形机制. 这些研究发现青藏高原的地壳由高原向外围减薄，但在高原边界断裂附近存在地壳厚度突变带；下地壳中存在两个独立的低速异常，一个位于松潘—甘孜块体下方，被高原的边界断裂所围限，另一个位于小江断裂带下方，呈NE-SW向展布. 我们认为青藏高原东南缘下地壳物质被边界（丽江—小金河）断裂所围限，并没有继续向边缘流出，但是地壳挤出产生的应力作用继续向东南方向传递，造成了小江断裂带附近的地壳变形.Abstract: The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the Cenozoic has changed the tectonics of the whole Asia and affected the climate and environment significantly. However, the mechanism of the plateau uplift and expansion is still in debate. The southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, as the one of the expansion frontiers, provides the key to understand the tectonic evolution of the plateau. In this study, we review the progress of the researches on the crustal structures in the southeastern plateau margin, especially those achieved after the ChinArray project since 2011. The latest results show that the thickness of the crust descends from the plateau to its southeastern margin with an abrupt change under the plateau boundary. Two independent low-velocity zones are revealed in the lower crust: one under the Songpan-Ganzi terrane which is part of the high plateau, and another orientating NE-SW under the Xiaojian fault zone. We propose that the lower crustal materials extruded from the high plateau are blocked around the plateau margin (i.e., Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault) by a strong crustal block in the western margin of the Yangtze block. However, the stress is further transferred to the Xiaojiang fault zone and induced the crustal deformations there.
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图 1 青藏高原及周边地区的构造背景. 紫色、红色、蓝色和灰条线条分别代表研究区的缝合带、逆断层、左行走滑和右行走滑断裂（修改自Styron et al., 2010）. 蓝色方框给定了青藏高原东南缘的位置
Figure 1. Tectonics in and around the Tibetan Plateau. The purple, red, blue and gray lines denote the suture zones, thrust faults, sinistral and dextral strike-slip faults, respectively (modified from Styron et al., 2010). The blue box marks the location of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
图 2 青藏高原东南缘的地质背景.（a）主要块体和断裂（修改自Han et al., 2020）. 蓝色实线表示断层，黑色虚线表示省界.（b）二叠纪玄武岩的分布（修改自Hu et al., 2020）. 粉红色线条勾画了峨眉山大火成岩省内带和中带的范围
Figure 2. Geological structure in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. (a) The major blocks and faults (modified from Han et al., 2020). The solid blue lines denote the faults, the dashed black lines denote the plate boundaries. (b) The distribution of the Permian basalt (modified from Hu et al., 2020). The magenta lines mark the location of the inner and middle zones of the Emeishan large igneous province
图 3 青藏高原东南缘的GPS速度场与地壳应变场（修改自Bao et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2018）.（a）绿色箭头代表相对于华南块体的GPS速度场，黑线表示主要断裂，黑色小球表示震源机制解，粉红色虚线表示大地震分布的东南边界.（b）不同颜色表示应变速率大小，色标在底部. 黑线表示主要断裂，紫线表示主要块体边界. L-X表示丽江—小金河断裂带，XJF表示小江断裂带，RRF表示红河断裂带
Figure 3. The GPS velocities and crustal strain in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (modified from Bao et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2018). (a) The blue arrows denote the crustal motions with respect to the South China Block. The black lines denote major faults. The beach balls denote the earthquake focal mechanisms. The magenta line denotes a possible frontier of the large earthquakes in the southeastern plateau margin. (b) Different colors denote the strain rate with references shown at the bottom. Black and purple lines denote the faults and major boundaries. The abbreviations are: L-X, Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault; XJF, Xiaojiang fault; RRF, Red-River fault
图 4 青藏高原东南缘地壳应力场与大地热流（修改自Huang et al., 2018）.（a）蓝色短线表示通过震源机制解反演得到的水平最大主压应力（SH），黄色和红色短线分别表示拉张背景和挤压—走滑背景下的水平拉张方向（Sh）. 黑线表示平滑的高程等值线，绿线表示主要块体边界. 黄色阴影区表示下地壳负径向异性（Vsv>Vsh）分布的范围（修改自Xie et al., 2017）.（b）不同颜色表示大地热流值，色标在底部. 竖线表示垂直方向的GPS观测值（修改自Pan and Shen, 2017），黑线表示主要断裂，紫色虚线表示主要块体边界，黄线表示下地壳负径向异性（Vsv>Vsh）分布的范围
Figure 4. Stress field and heat flow of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (modified from Huang et al., 2018). (a) The blue bars denote the maximum horizontal stress orientations (SH) obtained by the inversion of the focal mechanism solutions; the yellow and red bars denote the minimum horizontal stress orientations (Sh) in extensional and compressional-strike-slip environments, respectively. The black lines denote the contour of the topography. The green lines denote the major plate boundaries. The green shades show the region with negative radial anisotropy (Vsv>Vsh) in the lower crust obtained by Xie et al. (2017). (b) Different colors denote different heat flow values with references shown at the bottom. The vertical bars denote the vertical crustal motions (modified from Pan and Shen, 2017). The black lines denote the major faults; The purple lines denote the major plate boundaries. The yellow lines mark the region with negative radial anisotropy (Vsv>Vsh) in the lower crust
图 5 青藏高原东南缘的地壳厚度和泊松比.（a, b）利用H-k叠加方法获得的平均地壳厚度与泊松比（修改自Wang et al., 2017），黑色虚线表示主要的块体边界.（c, d）利用CCP叠加方向获得的地壳厚度及其水平梯度（修改自Xu et al., 2020）. 灰色线条表示主要断裂. 红色和黑色封闭虚线表示莫霍面深度的水平梯度大于15 km/deg的范围，（d）黑色短线表示地壳厚度最大水平梯度的方向
Figure 5. Crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. (a, b) The crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio obtained by H-k method (modified from Wang et al., 2017). The black lines show the block boundaries. (c, d) The crustal thickness and its horizontal gradient obtained by the CCP method (modified from Xu et al., 2020). Gray lines denote the faults. The closed red and black lines denote the region where the lateral gradient of the Moho depths are larger than 15 km/deg; black bars in (d) show the directions of the maximum horizontal gradients of the crustal thickness
图 6 青藏高原东南缘下地壳速度与各向异性.（a）接收函数与面波联合反演得到的31 km处的S波速度（修改自Bao et al., 2015），黑线表示主要断裂. （b）面波层析成像获得的32.5 km处的方位各向异性（修改自Bao et al., 2020），短线表示各向异性方向与大小，底图颜色同样表示各向异性强度.（c）面波层析成像获得的25 km的S波速度结构（修改自张智奇等，2020），黑线表示主要断裂，白色虚线表示主要块体边界，圆圈表示5级在上地震分布.（d）P波各向异性层析成像获得的40 km处的P波速度（底图颜色）与方位各向异性（黑色短线）（修改自Huang et al., 2018）. 黑线表示主要断裂，紫线表示主要块体边界，红色粗线圈定了结果可靠的区域的范围
Figure 6. Lower crustal velocities and anisotropy beneath the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. (a) The S wave velocities at 31 km depth revealed by joint inversion of receiver function and surface wave (modified from Bao et al., 2015). The black lines denote the faults. (b) The azimuthal anisotropy at 32.5 km depth revealed by surface wave tomography (modified from Bao et al., 2020). The orientations and lengths of the short bars denote the fast velocity directions and strengths of the anisotropy, respectively. The background colors also show the strength of anisotropy with reference shown at the bottom. (c) The S wave velocities at 25 km depth revealed by surface wave tomography (modified from Zhang et al., 2020). The black lines denote the faults. The dashed white lines denote the tectonic boundaries. The circles denote the earthquakes. (d) P wave velocity and anisotropy at 40 km depth (modified from Huang et al., 2018). The orientations and lengths of the short bars denote the fast velocity directions and strengths of the anisotropy, respectively. The black and purple lines denote the faults and block boundaries, respectively. The bold magenta line outlines the region where the results are reliable
图 7 青藏高原东南缘地壳各向异性.（a）近震S波分裂获得的上地壳各向异性（修改自Shi et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2018）. 黑线表示主要断裂，绿线表示主要块体边界.（b）Pms分裂获得的地壳各向异性（修改自Sun et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2013; Cai et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2018）.（c, d）利用接收函数马尔科夫链—蒙特卡罗（MCMC）反演获得的上地壳与下地壳的各向异性（修改自Han et al., 2020）. 黄线表示断裂分布
Figure 7. Crustal anisotropy of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. (a) Seismic anisotropy of the upper crust revealed by local S wave splitting (modified from Shi et al., 2012; Huang et al., 2018). The black and green lines denote the faults and major boundaries, respectively. (b) Anisotropy of the whole crust revealed by Pms splitting measurements (modified from Sun et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2013; Cai et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2018). (c, d) The anisotropy in the upper and mid-lower crust obtained by the Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo inversion of receiver function (modified from Han et al., 2020). The yellow lines denote the faults
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