• ISSN 2097-1893
    • CN 10-1855/P

    基于GNSS-IR的格陵兰岛雪深时空演变特征研究

    Spatiotemporal characteristics of snow depth over Greenland using GNSS-IR

    • 摘要: 格陵兰岛积雪动态是调控区域气候的关键因子,但由于恶劣的观测环境导致连续的雪深数据缺乏,从而制约了对极地冰冻圈变化的准确理解. 本研究基于GNSS干涉反射测量(Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry, GNSS-IR)技术,反演获取格陵兰岛连续雪深. 为此,本研究采用开源软件包(gnssrefl)对GNSS信噪比(SNR)数据进行处理. 通过优化配置关键参数(如高度角和方位角),获取了从天线相位中心到反射面的垂直距离,并以此推导出雪深的时间序列. 最终,在位于格陵兰岛边缘地区的GNSS站点中成功反演了4个站点的雪深,同时还成功获取了中部地区4个站点的雪深数据. 结果表明:(1)GNSS-IR技术在格陵兰岛不同区域表现出良好的适用性,边缘站点可获取雪深绝对变化值,中部站点主要反映冰雪表面高度变化,且GNSS-IR反演结果与邻近地面实测雪深数据在数值上保持一致;(2)格陵兰岛东西部边缘地区雪深变化幅度差异明显:东部站点(MSVG、LYNS)高达约1.5 m,而西部站点(SCBY、KAGA)仅0.2 m左右;(3)MERRA-2(Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2)与GLDAS-2(Global L and Data Assimilation System, Version 2)再分析数据在多数站点能较好地反映雪深时间变化趋势,与GNSS-IR反演结果相关系数普遍高于0.5,但两种模型对雪深的变化幅值存在系统性高估;(4)格陵兰岛雪深在年际与年内尺度上均表现出显著的空间异质性. 边缘区域因冬季强积累与夏季强消融的共同作用而剧烈波动;相比之下,而中部高原则相对稳定,其变化以年际信号为主,缺乏明显的季节性响应信号. 本研究验证了GNSS-IR技术在格陵兰岛雪深监测中的有效性与可靠性,为极地冰雪物质平衡研究提供了重要的数据支持与方法补充.

       

      Abstract: Snow cover dynamics in Greenland are a key driver of regional climate and global sea-level projections, yet continuous snow depth data are scarce due to the harsh observational environment, thereby constraining an accurate understanding of cryosphere changes and surface energy balance in polar regions. We use the Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique to retrieve continuous snow depth series across Greenland. The open-source software package (gnssrefl) is employed to process GNSS signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observations for this purpose. By optimally configuring key parameters (e.g., elevation and azimuth angles), we retrieve the vertical distance from the antenna phase center to the reflecting surface. This distance is then used to derive the time series of snow depth. Ultimately, out of GNSS stations located in the marginal regions of Greenland, we successfully retrieve snow depth at 4 stations, as well as at 4 stations in the central regions, ensuring a diverse spatial representation. The experimental results indicate that: (1) The GNSS-IR technique performs well in different regions of Greenland. It provides absolute snow depth at marginal sites and primarily reflects snow and ice surface height variations at central sites. The GNSS-IR data show high consistency with nearby in-situ snow depth measurements in numerical values. (2) Snow depth variation shows a striking contrast between Greenland's east and west margins, reaching ~1.5 m at eastern sites (MSVG, LYNS) versus only ~0.2 m at western sites (SCBY, KAGA). The eastern stations are characterized by a pronounced seasonal accumulation-melt regime (near-complete summer ablation) as well as significant inter-annual variability in snow depth. (3) The MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2) and GLDAS-2 (Global Land Data Assimilation System, Version 2) reanalysis datasets generally capture the temporal trends of snow depth well at most sites, with correlation coefficients commonly exceeding 0.5. Nevertheless, both models systematically overestimate the specific values of snow depth, underscoring the critical need for other observational data to calibrate and constrain regional climate models. (4) Snow depth across Greenland demonstrates substantial spatial variability at both interannual and intra-annual scales. The marginal zones primarily exhibit intense intra-annual fluctuations driven by significant winter accumulation and summer ablation. In contrast, the snowpack in the central plateau remains relatively stable, characterized predominantly by interannual variations with negligible seasonal fluctuations. These result validate the effectiveness and reliability of GNSS-IR technology for snow depth monitoring in Greenland, providing crucial data support and a methodological complement for research on polar ice and snow mass balance, as well as contributing to more accurate future climate projections.

       

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