Abstract: As the highest, largest and the most active collisional orogenic belt on the Earth, the Qinghai-Xizang-Pamir Plateau provides pivotal opportunities for understanding uplifting mechanisms and continental dynamics in response to the India-Asia collision. In this study, we reviewed the recent geophysical observations beneath the Qinghai-Xizang-Pamir Plateau, especially the mantle transition zone (MTZ) structure, providing new insights into several key issues such as the uplifting mechanism of the continental plateau, intracontinental orogenesis of the Tianshan and water content in the MTZ. As for the MTZ structure beneath the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, one striking feature is the significant depression (15–20 km) of 660-km discontinuity beneath Himalaya, which indicates the presence of the detached Lhasa lithospheric mantle (~26 Ma) at the bottom of the MTZ. The results also show ~15 km uplift of 410-km discontinuity (d410) and small d410 amplitude beneath the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, which we ascribe to the more recently delaminated Qiangtang lithosphere (~15 Ma). The significantly thickened MTZ (~15 km) beneath the central Himalaya and the western Lhasa suggests stepwise lithospheric delamination beneath the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, highlighting the pivotal role of the lithospheric delamination in the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and reactivation of the Tianshan intracontinental orogenic belt. As for the MTZ structure beneath the Pamir Plateau and Tianshan, the results show that the d660 below the central Hindu Kush is extremely depressed by 25–30 km, providing direct evidence for the deep subduction of Indian lithosphere into the bottom of the MTZ and suggesting different mechanisms for continental collision between the Hindu Kush and Pamir Plateau. Considering that the d410 is slightly depressed by ~8 km beneath the western Tianshan, deep subduction of the Tarim lithosphere is likely excluded and its subhorizontal indentation into the Tianshan is preferred. The results also show significant 15–20 km depression of the d410 mainly beneath the southern Kazakh Shield, which is consistent with the low-velocity anomaly in tomographic models and thus attributed to the mantle upwelling from the MTZ, providing evidence for the fossil Tianshan plume responsible for the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene basaltic magmatism (74–52 Ma) at the western Tianshan. The d410 is depressed by ~10–15 km beneath the western Tarim Basin, which is interpreted to be caused by the mantle upwelling originating from the area beneath the d410. In addition, the water content in the MTZ beneath Qinghai-Xizang-Pamir Plateau and its potential dynamical implications is complicated. Specially, there is a partially molten low-velocity layer above the d410 beneath the Pamir Plateau due to dehydration of the hydrous MTZ, which may facilitate slab movement in the deep mantle. In contrast, the MTZ is anhydrous beneath the central and western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau based on several observations. These analyses suggest heterogeneity and complexity of the water content in the MTZ.