Development status of deep seismic reflection profile detection technology
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摘要: 由石油地震勘探发展而来的深地震反射剖面探测技术，采用炸药震源、长排列、多次覆盖等方式接收来自地壳或上地幔的反射信号，经过去噪、校正、叠加、偏移等处理过程，可获得地壳尺度范围内的精细时间剖面，是研究深部构造特征、探讨构造演化过程的重要手段，发挥着其他地球物理方法不可替代的作用. 深地震反射探测技术自上世纪由美国率先提出以来，经过几十年的发展历程，依托一系列的深部探测计划，获得了多条重要的深反射剖面，解决了包括造山带演化过程、盆地构造模式、矿集区深部构造特征等众多地质问题，得到了众多地质学家和地球物理学家的认可. 目前深反射探测技术已经发展成为一种系统的、方法技术成熟的、结果可靠的深部结构探测方法，在关键地区也常常作为研究深部精细结构的先行军. 我们通过总结近些年深地震反射剖面探测的实例，从采集技术、数据处理、综合解释等方面概述了深地震反射剖面探测技术取得的一系列新进展及应用，包括高精度可控震源采集技术、线条图处理技术、全波形反演技术、联合解释等. 这些新技术的应用不仅有效提高了深地震反射剖面成像质量，也解决了深地震反射探测中面临的地形构造复杂、施工不便等问题，使得深地震反射探测在解决特定地区地质问题上发挥了越来越重要的作用.Abstract: The deep seismic reflection profile detection technology developed from petroleum seismic exploration. By using dynamite source, long spreads and multi-coverage, this detection technique can receive reflection signals from the crust or upper mantle. Fine time profiles within the crustal scale obtained through denoising, static, superposition and migration processes are the basis for studying the characteristics of deep structures. The deep seismic reflection profiling technique is an important means to explore the process of tectonic evolution and plays an irreplaceable role in other geophysical methods. Since it was first proposed by the United States in the last century, this exploration technique after decades of development. Relying on a series of deep exploration plans, deep reflection exploration technique has obtained many important deep reflection profiles and solved many geological problems, including the evolution process of orogenic, basin structural model, deep structural characteristics of ore concentration area and so on. Deep reflection exploration technique is nowadays a widely accepted research tool by geologists and geophysicists. At present, deep seismic reflection detection technology has developed into a systematic, mature and reliable deep structure detection method. It is often used as a pioneer in the study of deep fine structure in critical area. We summarized examples of deep seismic reflection profiles in recent years. A series of new progresses and applications of deep seismic reflection detection technology are summarized in terms of acquisition technology, data processing and comprehensive interpretation, including high-precision vibroseis acquisition technology, line drawing technology, full-waveform inversion technology, integrated interpretation, etc. The application of these new technologies not only effectively improves the imaging quality of deep seismic reflection profiles but also solves the problems of complex terrain and inconvenient acquisition in deep seismic reflection. The deep seismic reflection detection technology play an increasingly significant role in solving geological problems in critical area.
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图 1 青藏高原深地震反射剖面探测工作程度图（截止2019年底，修改自高锐等，2021）. 红线和黑线由中国地质科学院地质研究所岩石圈团队为主完成；黄线为INDEPTH项目，由中国地震局完成
Figure 1. The deep seismic reflection profile detection in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (By the end of 2019, modified from Gao et al., 2021). Red lines and black lines are mainly completed by the lithosphere team of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Yellow line is INDEPTH project, which is completed by China Earthquake Administration
图 2 不同道距单炮对比. （a）大炮激发单炮记录；（b）变道距排列混合接收的单炮记录；（c）40 m道距单炮记录（修改自卢占武等，2010）
Figure 2. Comparison of single shot with different track distances. (a) Shot gather of large explosive; (b) Shot gather acquired by viable receiver spacing; (c) Single shot record with 40 m track distance (modified from Lu et al., 2010)
图 4 不同检波器叠加剖面分析. （a）SN7C-10 检波器；（b）SN5-5 检波器；（c）DSU1 检波器（修改自王海波等，2019）
Figure 4. Stack profile analysis of different geophones. (a) SN7C-10 Geophone; (b) SN5-5 Geophone; (c) DSU Geophone (modified from Wang et al., 2019)
图 6 不同仪器240 m道间距的叠加剖面. （a）有缆地震仪428XL记录的数据；（b）节点地震仪记录的数据；（c）和（d）分别为图（a）和（b）的局部放大图像（修改自任彦宗，2021）
Figure 6. Stack profile with 240 m channel spacing of different instruments. (a) Data recorded by cable seismograph 428XL; (b) Data recorded by node seismograph; (c) and (d) are partially enlarged images of figures (a) and (b), respectively (modified from Ren, 2021)
图 7 青藏高原侧向碰撞带深反射剖面（修改自酆少英等，2020）
Figure 7. Deep reflection profile of lateral collision zone of Tibetan Plateau (modified from Feng et al., 2020)
图 8 大炮深反射剖面. YZS-A位于雅江缝合线西部，YZS-B位于雅江缝合线东部（修改自Li et al., 2018）
Figure 8. Large-shot deep reflection profiles. YZS-A is located in the west of Yarlung Zangbo Suture and YZS-B is located in the east of Yarlung Zangbo Suture (modified from Li et al., 2018)
图 10 深地震反射剖面. （a）为原始叠加剖面；（b）线条图处理（修改自李文辉等，2012）
Figure 10. Deep seismic reflection profile. (a) Original stack profile; (b) Line drawing processing (modified from Li et al., 2012)
图 11 层析成像速度模型. （a）层析成像速度模型；（b）波形反演速度模型；（c）和（d）波形反演速度的叠前深度偏移结果（修改自崔永福等，2016）
Figure 11. Tomographic velocity model. (a) Tomography velocity model; (b) Waveform inversion velocity model; (c) and (d) Prestack depth migration results of waveform inversion velocity (modified from Cui et al., 2016)
图 12 全波形反演结果对比. （a）初始速度模型；（b）全波形反演速度模型；（c）反射地震成像；（d）反射地震剖面覆盖初始速度模型；（e）反射地震剖面覆盖全波形反演速度模型（修改自Davy et al., 2018）
Figure 12. Comparison of full waveform inversion results. (a) Initial velocity model; (b) Full waveform inversion velocity model; (c) Reflection seismic imaging; (d) Reflection seismic profile covering initial velocity model; (e) Reflection seismic profile covering full waveform inversion velocity model (modified from Davy et al., 2018)
图 13 深度域和时间域剖面图. （a）地震剖面的“时间-层速度”关系拟合结果对比；（b）地震解释资料的深度域剖面（修改自汪俊等，2020）
Figure 13. Depth and time domain profiles. (a) Comparison of fitting results of "time-layer velocity" relationship of seismic profile; (b) Depth domain profile of seismic interpretation data (modified from Wang et al., 2020)
图 14 折射与反射综合解释图. （a）射线路径；（b）折射层析成像图；（c）和（d）分别为对应的反射剖面图（修改自秦晶晶等，2020）
Figure 14. Comprehensive interpretation of refraction and reflection. (a) Ray path; (b) Refraction tomography; (c) and (d) are the corresponding reflection profiles (modified from Qin et al., 2020)
图 15 速度模型解释图. 北倾的虚线为深反射剖面结果，上地壳的圆点代表速度等值线（修改自Li et al., 2013）
Figure 15. Explanatory diagram of velocity model. The north inclined dotted line is the result of deep reflection profile, and the dots on the upper crust represent velocity isolines (modified from Li et al., 2013)
图 16 噪声层析成像与深地震反射剖面的比较（修改自赵盼盼等，2020）
Figure 16. Comparison between ambient noise tomography and deep seismic reflection profile (modified from Zhao et al., 2020)
图 17 深地震反射剖面与接收函数综合解释图. 黑色虚线为速度界面，红色和蓝色底图为接收函数结果，黑线底图为深反射叠加剖面，蓝线为宽角得到的莫霍深度（修改自Tian et al., 2021）
Figure 17. Comprehensive interpretation of deep seismic reflection profile and receiver function. The black dotted line is the velocity interface, the red and blue base maps are the receiver function results, the black line is the deep reflection stacked profile, and the blue line is the Moho depth obtained from the wide angle (modified from Tian et al., 2021)
图 18 澳大利亚Musgrave省深反射剖面与大地电磁剖面综合解释图. （a）和（b）深反射偏移剖面解释图；（c）深反射剖面与大地电磁剖面叠加解释图（修改自Thiel et al., 2020）
Figure 18. Comprehensive interpretation of deep reflection profile and magnetotelluric profile in Musgrave Province, Australia. (a) and (b) Interpretation of deep reflection migration profile; (c) Superposition interpretation of deep reflection and magnetotelluric profile (modified from Thiel et al., 2020)
表 1 国内外主要深地震反射探测计划采集参数表
Table 1. Acquisition parameters of main deep seismic reflection detection plans at domestic and abroad
采集参数 美洲（COCORP） 加拿大（Lithoprobe） 欧洲（DEKORP） 欧洲（ESRU 95） Sinoprobe-02
（2008—2012年）药量 Vibroseis Vibroseis Vibroseis 45kg 小炮16～50 kg；中炮100～200 kg；
大炮1000～2000 kg炮间距 134.1 m 或 201.2 m 400 m 或200 m 或
100 m 或 40 m200或250或320
或360或400100 m 小炮80～250 m；中炮280～1000 m；
大炮20000～50000 m井深 10～15 m 小炮20～30 m；中炮28～
50 m；大炮50～75 m接收道数 48或96或120 96或120或240 或 1000 200或250或320
或360或40096 600～1000道 采样间隔 4或 8 ms 4 或 8 ms 4 ms 4 ms 2 ms 记录长度 ≥30 s 18 s或32 s或48 s 16 s 或20 s 或60 s 30 s 小炮、中炮30 s；大炮60 s 覆盖次数 24或48 或60 30 或60 25 或60或75 24次 50～120次 道间距 67.1 m或 100.6 m 100 m或50 m或25或60 m 80 m，40 m，100 m，60m 50 m 40～50 m 
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